A smartphone is a mobile phone A mobile phone is an electronic device used for full duplex two-way radio telecommunications over a cellular network of base stations known as cell sites. Mobile phones differ from cordless telephones, which only offer telephone service within limited range through a single base station attached to a fixed land line, for example within a home or that offers more advanced computing ability and connectivity than a contemporary basic 'feature phone'.^[2] Smartphones and feature phones may be thought of as handheld computers integrated within a mobile telephone, but while most feature phones are able to run applications based on platforms such as Java ME Java Platform, Micro Edition, or Java ME, is a Java platform designed for mobile devices and embedded systems. Target devices range from industrial controls to mobile phones and set-top boxes. Java ME was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME) or BREW,^[3] a smartphone allows the user to install and run more advanced applications based on a specific platform. Smartphones run complete operating system An operating system is the software on a computer that manages the way different programs use its hardware, and regulates the ways that a user controls the computer. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer with multiple programs—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers. Some software providing a platform for application developers.^[4]

Growth in demand for advanced mobile devices boasting powerful processors A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a computer's central processing unit on a single integrated circuit (IC, or microchip). The first microprocessors emerged in the early 1970s and were used for electronic calculators, using binary-coded decimal (BCD) arithmetic in 4-bit words. Other embedded uses of 4-bit and 8-bit, abundant memory Non-volatile memory, nonvolatile memory, NVM or non-volatile storage, is computer memory that can retain the stored information even when not powered. Examples of non-volatile memory include read-only memory, flash memory, most types of magnetic computer storage devices , optical discs, and early computer storage methods such as paper tape and, larger screens and open operating systems has outpaced the rest of the mobile phone market for several years.^[5] According to a study by ComScore, in 2010 over 45.5 million people in the United States owned smartphones and it is the fastest growing segment of the mobile phone market, which comprised 234 million subscribers in the United States.^[6]

History

The first smartphone was called Simon The IBM Simon Personal Communicator was the first attempt to market a commercially viable smartphone and was a joint venture between IBM and BellSouth. Simon was first shown as a product concept in 1992 at COMDEX, the communications industry trade show held in Las Vegas, Nevada. Launched in 1993 it combined the features of a mobile phone, a pager,; it was designed by IBM International Business Machines (NYSE: IBM) is a multinational computer, technology and IT consulting corporation headquartered in Armonk, North Castle, New York, United States. IBM is the world's fourth largest technology company and the second most valuable by global brand (after Coca-Cola). IBM is one of the few information technology companies in 1992 and shown as a concept product^[7] that year at COMDEX COMDEX was a computer expo held in Las Vegas, Nevada, each November from 1979 to 2003. It was one of the largest computer trade shows in the world, usually second only to the German CeBIT, and by many accounts one of the largest trade shows in any industry sector. The first COMDEX was held in 1979 at the MGM Grand (now Bally's), with 167, the computer industry trade show held in Las Vegas, Nevada Las Vegas ; is the most populous city in Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally renowned major resort city for gambling, shopping and fine dining. Las Vegas, which bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World, is famous for the number of casino resorts and associated entertainment. A growing retirement and family city,. It was released to the public in 1993 and sold by BellSouth BellSouth Corporation is an American telecommunications holding company based in Atlanta, Georgia. BellSouth was one of the seven original Regional Bell Operating Companies after the U.S. Department of Justice forced the American Telephone & Telegraph Company to divest itself of its regional telephone companies on January 1, 1984. Besides being a mobile phone, it also contained a calendar, address book An address book or a name and address book is a book or a database used for storing entries called contacts. Each contact entry usually consists of a few standard fields (for example: first name, last name, company name, address, telephone number, e-mail address, fax number, mobile phone number). Most such systems store the details in alphabetical, world clock, calculator A calculator is a small , usually inexpensive electronic device used to perform the basic operations of arithmetic. Modern calculators are more portable than most computers, though most PDAs are comparable in size to handheld calculators, note pad, e-mail, send and receive fax A fax is a document sent over a telephone line. Fax machines have existed, in various forms, since the 19th century (see "History" below), though modern fax machines became feasible only in the mid-1970s as the sophistication increased and cost of the three underlying technologies dropped. Digital fax machines first became popular in, and games. It had no physical buttons to dial with. Instead customers used a touch-screen A touchscreen is an electronic visual display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area. The term generally refers to touching the display of the device with a finger or hand. Touchscreens can also sense other passive objects, such as a stylus. However, if the object sensed is active, as with a light pen, the to select phone numbers A telephone number or phone number is a sequence of digits used to call from one telephone line to another in a public switched telephone network. When telephone numbers were invented, they were short — as few as one, two or three digits — and were given verbally to a switchboard operator. As phone systems have grown and interconnected to with a finger or create facsimiles A facsimile is a copy or reproduction of an old book, manuscript, map, art print or other item of historical value that is as true to the original source as possible. It differs from other forms of reproduction by attempting to replicate the source as accurately as possible in terms of scale, color, condition, and other material qualities. For and memos with an optional stylus. Text was entered with a unique on-screen "predictive" keyboard. By today's standards, the Simon would be a fairly low-end product; however, its feature set at the time was incredibly advanced.

The Nokia Communicator The Nokia Communicator is a brand name for a series of Nokia smartphones, all of which appear as normal phones on the outside, yet have a keyboard and a large LCD screen inside as well as Internet connectivity and clients for Internet and non-Internet communication services. The recent E90 smartphone release by Nokia is also classified as a line was the first of Nokia's smartphones starting with the Nokia 9000, released in 1996. This distinctive palmtop computer style smartphone was the result of a collaborative effort of an early successful and expensive Personal digital assistant The term PDA was first used on January 7, 1992, by Apple Computer CEO John Sculley at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Nevada, referring to the Apple Newton. In 1996, Nokia introduced the first mobile phone with full PDA functionality, the 9000 Communicator, which has since grown to become the world's best-selling PDA and which spawned (PDA) by Hewlett Packard Hewlett-Packard Company , commonly referred to as HP, is an American multinational information technology corporation headquartered in Palo Alto, California, USA. HP is one of the world's largest information technology companies and operates in nearly every country. HP specializes in developing and manufacturing computing, data storage, and combined with Nokia's bestselling phone around that time and early prototype models had the two devices fixed via a hinge; the Nokia 9210 as the first color screen Communicator model which was the first true smartphone with an open operating system; the 9500 Communicator that was also Nokia's first cameraphone Communicator and Nokia's first WiFi Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance that manufacturers may use to brand certified products that belong to a class of wireless local area network (WLAN) devices based on the IEEE 802.11 standards, which is by far the most widespread WLAN class today. Because of the close relationship with its underlying standards, the term Wi-Fi is often phone; the 9300 Communicator was the third dimensional shift into a smaller form factor; and the latest E90 Communicator includes GPS The Global Positioning System is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth when and where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely. The Nokia Communicator model is remarkable also having been the most expensive phone model sold by a major brand for almost the full lifespan of the model series, easily 20% and sometimes 40% more expensive than the next most expensive smartphone by any major manufacturer.

In 2001 Microsoft announced its Windows CE Windows CE is an operating system developed by Microsoft for minimalistic computers and embedded systems. Windows CE is a distinct operating system and kernel, rather than a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows. Microsoft licenses Windows CE to OEMs and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces Pocket PC OS would be offered as "Microsoft Windows Powered Smartphone 2002".^[8] Microsoft originally defined its Windows Smartphone Windows Mobile is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft for use in smartphones and mobile devices products as lacking a touchscreen and offering a lower screen resolution compared to its sibling Pocket PC devices.

In early 2002 Handspring released the Palm OS Palm OS is a mobile operating system initially developed by Palm, Inc. for personal digital assistants (PDAs) in 1996. Palm OS is designed for ease of use with a touchscreen-based graphical user interface. It is provided with a suite of basic applications for personal information management. Later versions of the OS have been extended to support Treo The Palm Treo [ˈtriːoʊ] is a line of smartphones originally developed by Handspring, which was bought by Palm, Inc. They are now manufactured and maintained by Palm, Inc. Treos have a number of integrated features such as the ability to check the calendar while talking on the phone, dial directly from a list of contacts, and send email messages smartphone, utilizing a full keyboard that combined wireless web browsing, email, calendar and contact organizer, with mobile third-party applications that could be downloaded or synced with a computer.^[9]

In 2002 RIM Research In Motion Limited (TSX: RIM, NASDAQ: RIMM) is a Canadian wireless device company best known as the developer of the BlackBerry smartphone released the first BlackBerry The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by any of several species in the Rubus genus of the Rosaceae family. The fruit is not a true berry; botanically it is termed an aggregate fruit. The plants typically have biennial canes and perennial roots. Blackberries and raspberries are also called caneberries or brambles. It is a widespread, and well which was the first smartphone optimized for wireless email use and has achieved a total customer base of 32 million subscribers by December 2009.^[10]

In 2007, Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and markets consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers. The company's best-known hardware products include the Macintosh computers, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad. Apple software includes the Mac OS X operating system; the iTunes media browser; the iLife suite introduced their first iPhone The iPhone is a line of Internet and multimedia-enabled smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first iPhone was introduced on January 9, 2007. It was initially expensive costing $500, though it had a full touchscreen and large finger-pressable icons which was revolutionary at the time. At the time of the launch of the iPhone it was arguable whether it was actually a smartphone as the first generation lacked the ability to officially use third-party applications.^[11] Though a process called jailbreaking Jailbreaking is a process that allows iPhone and iPod Touch users to run unofficial code on their devices bypassing Apple's official distribution mechanism, the App Store. Once jailbroken, iPhone users are able to download many applications previously unavailable through the App Store via unofficial installers such as Cydia, Rock App, Icy, and emerged quickly to provide unofficial third party applications. The first iPhone didn't have 3G support due to the lack of 3G network coverage in the United States at the time and also was very expensive costing US$500 with a contract.

Android Android is a mobile operating system running on the Linux kernel. It was initially developed by Android Inc., a firm later purchased by Google, and lately by the Open Handset Alliance. It allows developers to write managed code in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries, a cross platform OS for smartphones was released in 2008. Android is an Open Source Open source describes practices in production and development that promote access to the end product's source materials. Some consider open source a philosophy, others consider it a pragmatic methodology. Before the term open source became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of phrases to describe the concept; open source platform backed by Google Google Inc. is a multinational public cloud computing, Internet search, and advertising technologies corporation. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program. The company was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, often dubbed the ", along with major hardware and software developers (such as Intel Intel Corporation is a technology company, and the world's largest semiconductor chip maker, based on revenue. It is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers. Intel was founded on July 18, 1968, as Integrated Electronics Corporation (though a common misconception is that "Intel", HTC HTC Corporation (TWSE: 2498), formerly High Tech Computer Corporation, is a Taiwan-based manufacturer of smartphones. The company initially made smartphones based primarily on Microsoft's Windows Mobile software, but in 2009 it began to shift its focus away from Windows Mobile devices, to devices based on the Android operating system, ARM ARM Holdings is a technology company headquartered in Cambridge, England, UK. The company is best known for its processors, although it also designs, licenses and sells software development tools under the RealView and KEIL brands, systems and platforms, system-on-a-chip infrastructure and software. It is probably the best-known of the Silicon Fen, Motorola Motorola, Inc. is an American, multinational, Fortune 100, telecommunications company based in Schaumburg, Illinois. It is a manufacturer of wireless telephone handsets, and also designs and sells wireless network infrastructure equipment such as cellular transmission base stations and signal amplifiers. Motorola's home and broadcast network and eBay eBay Inc. is an American Internet company that manages eBay.com, an on-line auction and shopping website in which people and businesses buy and sell a broad variety of goods and services worldwide. Founded in 1995, eBay is one of the notable success stories of the dot-com bubble; it is now a multi-billion dollar business with operations localized, to name a few), that form the Open Handset Alliance The Open Handset Alliance is a business alliance of 65 firms for developing open standards for mobile devices. Member firms include Google, HTC, Dell, Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, Samsung, LG, T-Mobile, Nvidia, and Wind River Systems.^[12]

The first phone to use the Android OS was the HTC Dream The HTC Dream is an Internet-enabled 3G smartphone with an operating system designed by Google and hardware designed by HTC. It was the first phone to the market that uses the Android mobile device platform The phone is part of an open standards effort of the Open Handset Alliance, branded for distribution by T-Mobile T-Mobile is a German mobile telephone provider, owned by Deutsche Telekom. It operates several GSM networks in Europe and the United States. T-Mobile also has financial stakes in mobile operators in Central and Eastern Europe. Globally, T-Mobile has some 150 million subscribers, making it the world's seventh largest mobile phone service provider as the G1.^[13] The software suite included on the phone consists of integration with Google's proprietary applications, such as Maps, Calendar, and Gmail, as well as Google's Chrome Lite full HTML web browser.^[14] Third party apps are available via the Android Market, including both free and paid apps.^[15]

In July 2008 Apple introduced its second generation iPhone which had a lower upfront price and 3G support. They also created the App Store The App Store is a service for the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad created by Apple Inc. which allows users to browse and download applications from the iTunes Store that were developed with the iPhone SDK and published through Apple. Depending on the application, they are available either for free, or at a cost. The applications can be downloaded with both free and paid applications. The app store can deliver smartphone applications developed by third parties directly to the iPhone The iPhone is a line of Internet and multimedia-enabled smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first iPhone was introduced on January 9, 2007 or iPod Touch The iPod Touch , is a portable media player, personal digital assistant, and Wi-Fi mobile platform designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The product was launched on September 5, 2007, at an event called The Beat Goes On. The iPod Touch adds the multi-touch graphical user interface to the iPod line. It is the first iPod with wireless access to the over wifi or cellular network without using a PC to download. The App Store has been a huge success for Apple and by April 2010 hosted more than 185,000 applications.^[16] The app store hit three billion application downloads in early January 2010.^[17]

Other platforms are able to download apps from any website, rather than only from a single app store, however other companies have more recently lauched their own app stores. RIM Research In Motion Limited (TSX: RIM, NASDAQ: RIMM) is a Canadian wireless device company best known as the developer of the BlackBerry smartphone launched its app store, BlackBerry App World, in April 2009. Nokia launched its Ovi Store Ovi by Nokia is the brand for Nokia's Internet services. The Ovi services can be used from a mobile device, computer or via the web (Ovi.com). Nokia focuses on five key services areas: Games, Maps, Media, Messaging and Music. Nokia's aim with Ovi is to include 3rd parties, such as operators and third-party services like Yahoo's Flickr photo site in May 2009. Palm launched its Palm App Catalog in June 2009. Microsoft launched its Windows Marketplace for Mobile Windows Marketplace for Mobile is a service by Microsoft for its Windows Mobile platform that allows users to browse and download applications that have been developed by third-parties. The application are available for use directly on Windows Mobile 6.5 devices, and on personal computers. It was announced at the 2009 Mobile World Congress, and in October 2009.

In January 2010, Google launched Nexus One The Nexus One is Google's flagship smartphone manufactured by Taiwan's HTC Corporation. It became available on January 5, 2010 and uses the Android open source mobile operating system Features of the phone include the ability to transcribe voice to text, noise canceling dual microphones, and GPS guided turn-by-turn voice directions to drivers using its Android OS. Although Android OS has multi-touch capabilities, Google initially removed that feature from Nexus One,^[18] but it was added through a firmware update on February 2, 2010.^[19]

In June 2010, Apple released iPhone 4 The iPhone 4 is a smartphone designed and developed by Apple. It is the fourth generation of iPhone, and successor to the iPhone 3GS. It is particularly marketed for video calling, and consumption of media such as books and periodicals, movies, music, and games; and for general web and e-mail access. It was announced on June 7, 2010 at the WWDC 201 running a newer version of iOS. Apple marketed the new 960x640 screen as a "Retina Display", claiming that the human retina could not distinguish between individual pixels. A front facing camera was added as well.

Operating systems

Operating systems that can be found on smartphones include Symbian OS (including S60 series), iOS, Palm WebOS, BlackBerry OS, Samsung bada phones running Linux, Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless, Windows Mobile, Android and Maemo. WebOS, Android and Maemo are built on top of Linux, and the iOS is derived from the BSD and NeXTSTEP operating systems, which all are related to Unix.

Smartbook

A smartbook is a concept of a mobile device that falls between smartphones and netbooks, delivering features typically found in smartphones (always on, all-day battery life, 3G connectivity, GPS)^[20] in a slightly larger device with a full keyboard. Smartbooks will tend to be designed to work with online applications.^[21]

Smartbooks use the ARM processor, which gives them much greater battery life than a netbook which uses a traditional Intel x86 processor.^[22] They are likely to be sold initially through mobile network operators, like mobile phones are today, along with a wireless data plan.^[23]

Open source development

The open source culture has penetrated the smartphone market in a way. There have been attempts to open source both hardware and software of a smartphone. Most notable project from open hardware development is most likely the Neo FreeRunner smartphone developed by Openmoko. Lately, the Google Android OS is a popular open source mobile operating system. Nokia has an initiative around Symbian too, which has open-sourced all Symbian smartphone code in February 2010.^[24] In cooperation with Intel, Nokia also develops the open source MeeGo operating system.

See also

References

1. ^ "Google Android smacks down Windows Mobile in latest Gartner data". Press release. 19 May 2010. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/cell-phones/google-android-smacks-down-windows-mobile-in-latest-gartner-data/3829. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
2. ^ Andrew Nusca (20 August 2009). "Smartphone vs. feature phone arms race heats up; which did you buy?". ZDNet. http://www.zdnet.com/blog/gadgetreviews/smartphone-vs-feature-phone-arms-race-heats-up-which-did-you-buy/6836.
3. ^ "Feature Phone". Phone Scoop. http://www.phonescoop.com/glossary/term.php?gid=310. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
4. ^ "Smartphone definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia". PC Magazine. http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=Smartphone&i=51537,00.asp. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
5. ^ "Smart phones: how to stay clever in downturn". Deloitte Telecommunications Predictions. http://www.deloitte.co.uk/TMTPredictions/telecommunications/Smartphones-clever-in-downturn.cfm.
6. ^ "Android Phones Steal Market Share". http://bmighty.informationweek.com/mobile/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=224201881.
7. ^ Schneidawind, J: "Big Blue unveiling", USA Today, November 23, 1992, page 2B
8. ^ Windows Powered Smartphone
9. ^ Handspring's Breakthrough Hybrid
10. ^ BlackBerry Users Call For RIM To Rethink Service
11. ^ "The iPhone is not a smartphone". Engadget. 9 January 2007. http://www.engadget.com/2007/01/09/the-iphone-is-not-a-smartphone/. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
12. ^ http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/oha_members.html
13. ^ http://www.t-mobileg1.com/?WT.srch=1&WT.mc_id=273m1&WT.z=p137999826
14. ^ T-Mobile G1 first hands-on (updated)
15. ^ Paid apps still coming to Android Market in Q1 '09, US and UK rollout first
16. ^ "iPhone App Reviews by Experts at PCWorld - PCWorld". PCWorld. http://www.pcworld.com/appguide/index.html. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
17. ^ "Apple's App Store Downloads Top Three Billion". Apple. 5 January 2010. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/01/05appstore.html. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
18. ^ Weighing Nexus over iPhone - a practical review for the everyday user!
19. ^ Nexus One gets a software update, enables multitouch (updated with video!)
20. ^ http://www.eetimes.eu/design/217700855
21. ^ Schofield, Jack (29 July 2009). "The smartbook has been waiting 28 years to be the next best thing". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/jul/29/smartbooks-netbooks. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
22. ^ Scott Stein (10 January 2010). "CES: What, exactly, is a smartbook? Highlights from the show floor". cnet. http://ces.cnet.com/8301-31045_1-10431884-269.html. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
23. ^ Ganapat, Priya (2008-12-15). “The Next Netbook Trend: Cellphone-Like Contract Deals” – Wired News.
24. ^ Symbian OS, Now Fully Open Source

External links

• freesmartphone.org - a collaboration platform for open source smartphones
• Smart mobile phone emulator

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